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Oligodynamic effect
The oligodynamic effect ((ギリシア語:''oligos'') = few, (ギリシア語:''dynamis'') = force) was discovered in 1893 by the Swiss Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli as a toxic effect of metal ions on viruses and living cells e.g. algae, moulds, spores, fungi, prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, even in relatively low concentrations.〔v. Nägeli K.W. 1893. Über oligodynamische Erscheinungen in lebenden Zellen. Neue Denkschr. Allgemein. Schweiz. Gesellsch. Ges. Naturweiss. Bd XXXIII Abt 1.〕 This antimicrobial effect is shown by ions of mercury, silver, copper, iron, lead, zinc, bismuth, brass, gold, aluminium, and other metals.
== Mechanism ==
Several metal ions, especially heavy metals, show this effect to various degrees. Bacteria are in general affected by the oligodynamic effect. Viruses in general are not very sensitive to this effect. This disparity suggests that the mechanisms exerting the most influence over toxicity are interfering with metabolism, since viruses are not metabolically active.
Data from silver suggest that these ions denature enzymes of the target cell or organism by binding to reactive groups, resulting in their precipitation and inactivation. Silver inactivates enzymes by reacting with the thiol groups to form silver sulfides. Silver also reacts with the amino-, carboxyl-, phosphate-, and imidazole-groups and diminish the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase.
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